{"id":5848,"date":"2025-08-02T14:59:20","date_gmt":"2025-08-02T09:29:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/?p=5848"},"modified":"2025-08-28T18:08:30","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T12:38:30","slug":"second-law-of-thermodynamics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/me\/thermodynamics\/second-law-of-thermodynamics","title":{"rendered":"Second Law of Thermodynamics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Work is said to be high-grade energy, and heat is low-grade energy. The complete conversion of low-grade energy into high-grade energy in a cycle is impossible, while the complete conversion of high-grade energy into low-grade energy is possible.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Second Law of Thermodynamics<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kelvin\u2013Planck Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>It is impossible for a heat engine to produce net work in a complete cycle if it exchanges heat only with bodies at a single fixed temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Two reversible adiabatic paths cannot intersect each other, which violates the Kelvin-Planck statement.<\/li>\n<li>The machine that violates the Kelvin\u2013Planck statement is called PMM2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Clausius Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is impossible to construct a device that, operating in a cycle, transfers heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without any work input.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Carnot Theorem<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It states that for all heat engines operating between a given constant temperature source and a given constant temperature sink, none has higher efficiency than a reversible engine.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Clausius Theorem<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The cyclic integral of \u03b4Q\/T for a reversible cycle is equal to zero.<br \/>\n\u222bR {\u03b4Q\/T } = 0<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The cyclic integral of \u03b4Q\/T for a reversible cycle is less than zero.<br \/>\n\u222bR {\u03b4Q\/T } &lt; 0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn-danger\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/me\/thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&lt;&lt; Previous<\/a> | <a class=\"btn btn-success\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/me\/thermodynamics\/steam-turbines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Next &gt;&gt;<\/a><br \/>\n<strong> Must Read: <\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-thermodynamics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>What is thermodynamics in Mechanical Engineering?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Work is said to be high-grade energy, and heat is low-grade energy. The complete conversion of low-grade energy into high-grade<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1701,10],"tags":[1709,1710,1708],"class_list":["post-5848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thermodynamics","category-me","tag-carnot-theorem","tag-clausius-theorem","tag-second-law-of-thermodynamics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5848"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5848\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}