{"id":2261,"date":"2024-07-24T14:28:21","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T08:58:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/?p=2261"},"modified":"2025-07-16T15:23:00","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T09:53:00","slug":"diode-equivalent-circuits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits","title":{"rendered":"Diode Equivalent Circuits"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>A diode has 2 types of equivalent circuit<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Small signal model<\/li>\n<li>Large signal model<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Small Signal Model<\/h2>\n<p>\u2022 If input voltage is small i.e. in mV, then diode is replaced with small signal model.<br \/>\n\u2022 Small signal model is again categorised as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Low frequency model (Figure (a)).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0High frequency model (Figure (b)).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2262 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/low-frequency-model.jpg\" alt=\"Low frequency model\" width=\"502\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/low-frequency-model.jpg 502w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/low-frequency-model-300x150.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_1 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Remember\" >Remember<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Large-Signal-Model\" >Large Signal Model<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Dynamic-Resistance-of-Diode\" >Dynamic Resistance of Diode<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Rectifier\" >Rectifier<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Half-wave-Rectifier\" >Half-wave Rectifier<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Centre-Tapped-Full-wave-Rectifier\" >Centre-Tapped Full-wave Rectifier<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Bridge-Rectifier\" >Bridge Rectifier<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Advantages-of-Bridge-Rectifier\" >Advantages of Bridge Rectifier<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Disadvantage-of-Bridge-Rectifier\" >Disadvantage of Bridge Rectifier<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Filter\" >Filter<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Inductor-Filter\" >Inductor Filter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Capacitor-Filter\" >Capacitor Filter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#LC-Filter-L-Section-Filter\" >LC Filter (L-Section Filter)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#CLC-Filter-%CE%A0-Section-Filter\" >CLC Filter (\u03a0-Section Filter)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Bleeder-Resistor-RB\" >Bleeder Resistor (RB)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Voltage-Regulators\" >Voltage Regulators<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Zener-Diode-Shunt-Regulator\" >Zener Diode Shunt Regulator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Clipper\" >Clipper<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Applications\" >Applications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Two-level-clipper\" >Two level clipper<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Clamper\" >Clamper<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Negative-Clamper\" >Negative Clamper<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Positive-Clamper\" >Positive Clamper<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Voltage-Multiplier\" >Voltage Multiplier<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Voltage-Doubler\" >Voltage Doubler<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ec\/analog-circuits\/diode-equivalent-circuits\/#Voltage-TriplerQuadrupler\" >Voltage Tripler\/Quadrupler<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Remember\"><\/span><strong>Remember<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>In small signal operation, diode becomes a linear element and diode behaves as resistor.<\/li>\n<li>The resistance offered by a diode in small signal operation is called as dynamic resistance or small signal resistance OR AC resistance.<\/li>\n<li>C<sub>D<\/sub> is diffusion capacitance present in forward bias when high frequency and small amplitude signal is applied.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>CD = \u03c4<sub>p<\/sub>\/r<sub>D<\/sub> &#8230; for P<sup>+<\/sup>N<br \/>\n= \u03c4<sub>n<\/sub>\/r<sub>D<\/sub> &#8230; for PN<sup>+<br \/>\n<\/sup>= \u03c4<sub>p<\/sub>+\u03c4<sub>n \/<\/sub>r<sub>D<\/sub> &#8230; for PN<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\">C<sub>T<\/sub> is transition capacitance present in reverse bias when high frequency and small amplitude signal is applied. C<sub>T<\/sub> = A\u2208\/W<\/li>\n<li>where, \u2208 = permittivity, W = width of depletion layer and A = Area of junction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Large-Signal-Model\"><\/span>Large Signal Model<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u2022 If input <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ec\/analog-circuits\/voltage-follower\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">voltage<\/a> is large i.e. in volts, then diode is replaced with large signal model.<br \/>\n\u2022 Large signal model is further categorized as:<\/p>\n<p>0<sub>th<\/sub> order model (Figure (a))<br \/>\n1<sub>st<\/sub> order model (Figure (b))<br \/>\n2<sub>nd<\/sub> order model (Figure (c))<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2265 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/large-signal-model.jpg\" alt=\"Large Signal Model\" width=\"512\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/large-signal-model.jpg 512w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/large-signal-model-300x165.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dynamic-Resistance-of-Diode\"><\/span>Dynamic Resistance of Diode<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There are applications in which a diode is biased to operate at a point on the forward i-v characteristics and<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2266 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/dynamic-resistance.jpg\" alt=\" Dynamic Resistance\" width=\"215\" height=\"165\" \/> a small ac signal is superimposed on DC quantities. For this situation, we first have to determine the DC operating point (V<sub>D<\/sub> and I<sub>D<\/sub>). Then, for small signal operation around the DC bias point, the diode is best modelled by a resistance equal to the inverse of the slope of the tangent to the exponential i-v characteristics at the bias point.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2267 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/diode.jpg\" alt=\"Diode\" width=\"673\" height=\"553\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/diode.jpg 673w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/diode-300x247.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2269 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/dynamic-resistance-1.jpg\" alt=\"Dynamic Resistance\" width=\"645\" height=\"138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/dynamic-resistance-1.jpg 645w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/dynamic-resistance-1-300x64.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The AC resistance r<sub>d<\/sub> takes into account the shape of the curve and represents the slope of the characteristic at the Q-point. If the Q-point changes, the value of r<sub>d<\/sub> will also change.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rectifier\"><\/span>Rectifier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A rectifier that converts an AC voltage to a unidirectional voltage is used as a DC supply for many electronic circuits, such as those in radios, calculators, and stereo amplifiers. A rectifier is also called an AC-DC converter, rectifiers can be classified on the basis of AC supply into two types: single phase rectifiers and three phase rectifiers. Three-phase rectifiers are normally used in higher power applications ; are outside the scope of this book. The following single phase rectifiers are commonly used in electronic circuits:<br \/>\n1. Single phase half-wave rectifiers.<br \/>\n2. Single phase full-wave centre tapped rectifiers.<br \/>\n3. Single phase full-wave bridge rectifiers.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2271 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/rectifier.jpg\" alt=\"Rectifier\" width=\"555\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/rectifier.jpg 555w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/rectifier-300x150.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Half-wave-Rectifier\"><\/span>Half-wave Rectifier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The basic circuit for half-wave rectification is shown in Figure (a). We can assume that the diode has essentially infinite resistance in the reverse direction (for a voltage v less than the cut-in voltage V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> ) and a small and constant resistance R<sub>f<\/sub> in the forward direction (for v &gt; V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> ). Since in a rectifier circuit the input v<sub>i<\/sub> = V<sub>m<\/sub> sin\u03c9t has a peak value V<sub>m<\/sub> which is very large compared with the offset voltage V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> , we assume in the following discussion that V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> = 0. Subject to this idealization of the diode characteristic, the current i in the diode or load (R<sub>L<\/sub>) is given by<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2272 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/half-wave-rectifier.jpg\" alt=\"Half-wave Rectifier\" width=\"638\" height=\"124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/half-wave-rectifier.jpg 638w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/half-wave-rectifier-300x58.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2273 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/sinusoidal.jpg\" alt=\"Sinusoidal\" width=\"642\" height=\"185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/sinusoidal.jpg 642w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/sinusoidal-300x86.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Centre-Tapped-Full-wave-Rectifier\"><\/span>Centre-Tapped Full-wave Rectifier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The circuit of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier is shown in Figure (a). This circuit is seen to comprise two half-wave circuits which are so connected that conduction takes places through one diode during one half of the power cycle and through other diode during the second half of the power cycle.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2274 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/centre-tapped.jpg\" alt=\" Centre-Tapped\" width=\"574\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/centre-tapped.jpg 574w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/centre-tapped-300x151.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 574px) 100vw, 574px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this rectifier center-tapped step down transformer has been used, in which secondary winding is divided into two halves, each half having equal number of turns. In N<sub>1<\/sub> : N<sub>2<\/sub> center-tapped transformer, primary winding has N<sub>1<\/sub> turns and each half of secondary winding has N<sub>2<\/sub> turns.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When center terminal of secondary winding is grounded, voltage at nodes a and b will have equal magnitude but opposite sign;<\/p>\n<p>V<sub>b<\/sub> = \u2013v<sub>a<\/sub><br \/>\nif,\u00a0 v<sub>a<\/sub> = V<sub>m<\/sub> sin\u03b1<br \/>\nthen,\u00a0 v<sub>b<\/sub> = \u2013V<sub>m<\/sub> sin\u03b1<\/p>\n<h5>Advantage of Fullwave Rectifier<\/h5>\n<p><strong>Following are the advantages of fullwave rectifier over half-wave rectifier:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Smaller ripple factor.<br \/>\n\u2022 Greater efficiency.<br \/>\n\u2022 Greater dc output voltage and current.<br \/>\n\u2022 Greater transformer utilization factor.<br \/>\n\u2022 Filtering of ac component is easier because fundamental frequency (f<sub>0<\/sub>) has already been eliminated by the rectifier.<\/p>\n<h5>Drawbacks of Fullwave Rectifier<\/h5>\n<p>Following are the disadvantages of the fullwave rectifier:<br \/>\n\u2022 Higher peak inverse voltage.<br \/>\n\u2022 It is necessary to use a center-tapped transformer which is expensive and bigger in size.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bridge-Rectifier\"><\/span>Bridge Rectifier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The fullwave rectifier circuit requires a center-tapped transformer where only one half of the total ac voltage of the transformer secondary winding is utilized to convert into dc output. We now consider a different configuration of fullwave rectifier circuit, called bridge rectifier, where entire AC voltage of the transformer secondary is used to convert into DC voltage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure (a) shows a bridge rectifier circuit. There are four diodes D<sub>1<\/sub>, D<sub>2<\/sub>, D<sub>3<\/sub> and D<sub>4<\/sub> which form the four arms of the bridge. AC from transformer secondary is fed to two corners and the load resistance R<sub>L<\/sub> is connected to other two corners. The waveforms for the input and output voltages are shown in figure (b).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2275 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bridge-rectifier.jpg\" alt=\"Bridge rectifier\" width=\"669\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bridge-rectifier.jpg 669w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bridge-rectifier-300x156.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During positive half-cycle of input point A is positive, diodes D<sub>1<\/sub> and D<sub>3<\/sub> are forward biased and diodes D<sub>2<\/sub>, D<sub>4<\/sub> are reverse biased then, the current flows through diode D<sub>1<\/sub>, the load R<sub>L<\/sub> and through diode D<sub>3<\/sub> back to the negative polarity of the transformer secondary. During negative half cycle of input, point \u2018B\u2019 is more positive than point \u2018A\u2019, thus diodes D<sub>2<\/sub>, D<sub>4<\/sub> are forward biased and diode D<sub>1<\/sub> and D<sub>3<\/sub> are reverse biased, then the direction of current flow will be through diode D<sub>2<\/sub>, load R<sub>L<\/sub> and diode D<sub>4<\/sub>. In both cases the current flowing through resistor R<sub>L<\/sub> is in same direction, thus it is unidirectional current and we obtain fullwave rectification.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages-of-Bridge-Rectifier\"><\/span>Advantages of Bridge Rectifier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The current in both primary and secondary of transformer flows for entire cycle and hence for the given power output, transformer of a small size and less cost may be used.<\/li>\n<li>A transformer without a center tap is used.<\/li>\n<li>Lower peak inverse voltage is required. The bridge circuit is thus suitable for high voltage applications.<br \/>\nFor example, if the peak output voltage is 50 V, the peak inverse voltage across each diode is also 50 V. However, if a fullwave circuit were used, the peak inverse voltage would be 100 V.<\/li>\n<li>It provides greater TUF.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantage-of-Bridge-Rectifier\"><\/span>Disadvantage of Bridge Rectifier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The only disadvantage of bridge rectifier is the use of four diodes as compared to two diodes for center tapped FWR. This reduce the output voltage.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Filter\"><\/span>Filter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Filter is a frequency selective network which passes a range of frequency and rejects unwanted frequency.<br \/>\nThe rectifier output voltage V<sub>o<\/sub> has a DC component and other cosine components at various frequencies. The magnitude of cosine components are called the harmonics. The output should ideally be pure DC, so these frequencies are undesirable. Filters are normally used to smooth out the DC voltage. Since, input is DC, they are known as DC filters. Four types of filters are normally used.<\/p>\n<p>1. Inductor filter<br \/>\n2. Capacitor filter<br \/>\n3. LC filter<br \/>\n4. CLC filter<\/p>\n<p>Inductor and LC filters are generally used for high power applications, such as DC power supplies. For integrated circuits capacitor filters are used.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Inductor-Filter\"><\/span>Inductor Filter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Consider below figure in which a large inductor is connected in series with the load resistance to eliminate the ac component.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2456 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/inductor-filter.jpg\" alt=\"Inductor Filter\" width=\"372\" height=\"137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/inductor-filter.jpg 372w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/inductor-filter-300x110.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 372px) 100vw, 372px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For this circuit inductor should be selected such that its reactance is much higher than R<sub>L<\/sub> at the smallest frequency of ac component<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">i.e. \u03c9<sub>o<\/sub>L &gt;&gt; R<sub>L\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub> for HWR<br \/>\nand, 2 \u03c9<sub>o<\/sub>L &gt;&gt; R<sub>L<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 for FWR and bridge rectifier<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As inductor and R<sub>L<\/sub> are in series so they form voltage divider network. Since , |X<sub>L<\/sub>| &gt;&gt; R<sub>L<\/sub> so V<sub>ac<\/sub> appears almost across inductor and negligible ac voltage appears across R<sub>L<\/sub> . DC voltage appears across R<sub>L<\/sub> because inductor is short circuit for dc.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Capacitor-Filter\"><\/span>Capacitor Filter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A capacitor is an energy storage element. It tries to maintain a constant voltage, thereby preventing any change in voltage across the load.<br \/>\nConsider figure below in which a large capacitor is connected in parallel with the load resistance to eliminate AC component.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2278 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/capacitor-filter.jpg\" alt=\"Capacitor Filter\" width=\"673\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/capacitor-filter.jpg 673w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/capacitor-filter-300x129.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As capacitor and RL are in parallel so they form a current divider circuit. Since |X<sub>c<\/sub>|&lt;&lt; R<sub>L <\/sub>so AC component I<sub>ac<\/sub> flows almost through the capacitor and very small ac current goes through R<sub>L<\/sub> . Since capacitor behaves as open circuit for dc component so I<sub>DC<\/sub> flows through R<sub>L<\/sub><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"LC-Filter-L-Section-Filter\"><\/span>LC Filter (L-Section Filter)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An LC filter which opposes any change in either the voltage or current, reduces the harmonics more effectively, than an L-filter or a C-filter.<br \/>\nConsider the figure shown below in which a large inductor and a large capacitor are connected in the form of L-section.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2280 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lc-filter.jpg\" alt=\" LC Filter\" width=\"677\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lc-filter.jpg 677w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lc-filter-300x110.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CLC-Filter-%CE%A0-Section-Filter\"><\/span>CLC Filter (\u03a0-Section Filter)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>It consists of two capacitors and one inductor which are connected in the form of \u03a0-section.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2281 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clc-filter.jpg\" alt=\"CLC Filter\" width=\"366\" height=\"140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clc-filter.jpg 366w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clc-filter-300x115.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Above circuit is equivalent to interconnection of rectifier with capacitor filter and followed by LC filter. Voltage across C1 is a triangular waveform whose dc component is given by V<sub>dc<\/sub> = V<sub>m<\/sub> &#8211; V<sub>r<\/sub>\/2, and ac component has peak to peak value equal to V<sub>r.<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>The ac component of V<sub>c1<\/sub> appears almost across inductor because reactance of inductor is much higher than (X<sub>C<\/sub> ||R<sub>L<\/sub>). DC component of V<sub>c1<\/sub> appears almost across R<sub>L<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>CLC filter has least ripple factor among all types of filters ; which is given by<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2282 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/filter-300x55.jpg\" alt=\"Filter\" width=\"300\" height=\"55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/filter-300x55.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/filter.jpg 311w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Reactance should be found at \u03c9<sub>0<\/sub> for HWR and at 2\u03c90 for FWR.<\/li>\n<li>Also dc output voltage is given by<br \/>\nV<sub>dc<\/sub> = V<sub>m<\/sub> &#8211; V<sub>r<\/sub>\/2 &#8211; I<sub>dc<\/sub>R<sub>inductor<br \/>\n<\/sub>where,\u00a0R<sub>inductor <\/sub>is inductor coil resistance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bleeder-Resistor-RB\"><\/span>Bleeder Resistor (R<sub>B<\/sub>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is used in high voltage dc supplies to provide discharge path for capacitor when R<sub>L<\/sub> is not present. In absence of bleeder resistor a large dc voltage will be present across capacitor even when the ac supply is turned-off. This high dc voltage across capacitor can cause electric shock if someone touches the plate of capacitor. Bleeder resistor is also used in LC filter so that the inductor current can bleed (or flow) through bleeder resistance R<sub>B<\/sub>, if R<sub>L<\/sub> is not present. With the help of following figure where bleeder resistance R<sub>B<\/sub> is used in CLC filter we will try to summarize the purpose of bleeder resistor in filter circuits.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2284 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bleeder-resistor.jpg\" alt=\"Bleeder Resistor\" width=\"382\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bleeder-resistor.jpg 382w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/bleeder-resistor-300x120.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>R<sub>B<\/sub> &gt; &gt; R<sub>L<\/sub><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">The value of bleeder resistance should be such that it draws only 10% of total load current.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It provides better voltage regulation.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">It provides safety to operator by providing discharge path to the capacitor.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Single power supply can be used to provide more voltage.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bleeder resistance can be used as voltage divider for tapping out any desired output.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Voltage-Regulators\"><\/span>Voltage Regulators<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Regulator is an electronic circuit which maintains DC output voltage of a power supply stable or constant irrespective of fluctuations in ac supply and variations in load current.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2285 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-regulators.jpg\" alt=\"Voltage Regulators\" width=\"574\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-regulators.jpg 574w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-regulators-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-regulators-390x205.jpg 390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 574px) 100vw, 574px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zener-Diode-Shunt-Regulator\"><\/span>Zener Diode Shunt Regulator<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Below figure represents a Zener diode shunt regulator.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2286 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/zener-diode.jpg\" alt=\"Zener Diode\" width=\"277\" height=\"129\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V<sub>s<\/sub> = Unregulated supply voltage (fluctuating dc output voltage of filter)<br \/>\nR<sub>s<\/sub> = Series current limiting resistor which prevents flow of heavy current through diode<br \/>\nAs there is parallel connection of Zener diode and load R<sub>L<\/sub> , so the circuit is known as shunt regulator.<br \/>\nHere,\u00a0 V<sub>o<\/sub> = V<sub>z<br \/>\n<\/sub>and, I<sub>s<\/sub> = V<sub>s<\/sub>-V<sub>z<\/sub>\/R<sub>s<br \/>\n<\/sub>also, I<sub>s<\/sub> = I<sub>Z<\/sub> + I<sub>L<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2287 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit.jpg\" alt=\"Circuit\" width=\"685\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit.jpg 685w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit-300x113.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clipper\"><\/span>Clipper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Clipping circuits are used to select for transmission that part of an arbitrary waveform, which lies above or below some particular reference voltage level clipping circuits are also referred to as voltage limiters, amplitude selectors or slicers.<br \/>\nDiode clipper are the networks, which employ diodes to \u201cclip\u201d away a portion of an input signal without distorting the remaining part of the applied waveform.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Applications\"><\/span>Applications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>It is used to limit the amplitude of a signal therefore clipper is also called \u201camplitude limiter\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>A clipper can be used to eliminate noise from pulse waveforms in digital communication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2289 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/amplitude-limiter.jpg\" alt=\"Amplitude Limiter\" width=\"582\" height=\"59\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/amplitude-limiter.jpg 582w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/amplitude-limiter-300x30.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Clippers are classified into two-parts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. Shunt clipper:<\/strong> A clipper in which the diode is connected across the output terminals or diode is connected parallel to the load is known as shunt or parallel-clipper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2290 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shunt-clipper.jpg\" alt=\" Shunt Clipper\" width=\"402\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shunt-clipper.jpg 402w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shunt-clipper-300x70.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. Series clipper:<\/strong> A clipper in which diode forms a series circuit with the output terminals is known as a series clipper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2291 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/series-clipper.jpg\" alt=\"Series clipper\" width=\"404\" height=\"101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/series-clipper.jpg 404w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/series-clipper-300x75.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> Shunt Clipper<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Below figure shows a shunt clipper. Here VR is the reference voltage and R is the current limiting resistance. Resistance R should not be too large or too small. For proper clipping operation R should be calculated as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2293 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shunt-clipper-1.jpg\" alt=\"Shunt Clipper\" width=\"661\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shunt-clipper-1.jpg 661w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shunt-clipper-1-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 661px) 100vw, 661px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2294 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/open-circuit.jpg\" alt=\"Open Circuit\" width=\"616\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/open-circuit.jpg 616w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/open-circuit-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Hence we see that the circuit removes a portion of the input signal which lies above reference voltage. This operation is called clipping above reference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Transfer Characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is a graph plotted between output voltage and input voltage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2295 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/transfer-characteristics.jpg\" alt=\"Transfer characteristics\" width=\"302\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/transfer-characteristics.jpg 302w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/transfer-characteristics-300x167.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If a diode is non-ideal or it has cut-in voltage equal to V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> then this diode should be replaced with a series connection of ideal diode and a battery of V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2296 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ideal-diode.png\" alt=\"Ideal Diode\" width=\"240\" height=\"94\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Consider another type of the clipper circuit, in which direction of diode is reversed, then clipping becomes opposite of the previous clipper.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2298 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/non-ideal-diode.jpg\" alt=\"Non Ideal Diode\" width=\"479\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/non-ideal-diode.jpg 479w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/non-ideal-diode-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2299 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit-1.jpg\" alt=\"Circuit\" width=\"365\" height=\"183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit-1.jpg 365w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit-1-300x150.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Above circuit removes a portion of input signal which lies below the reference voltage. This operation is called clipping below the reference<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Transfer Characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2300 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/transfer-characteristics-1.jpg\" alt=\"Transfer Characteristics:\" width=\"302\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/transfer-characteristics-1.jpg 302w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/transfer-characteristics-1-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Two-level-clipper\"><\/span>Two level clipper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This circuit performs clipping at two independent voltage levels. It consists of two diodes and two reference voltages connected as shown below:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2301 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/two-level-clipper.jpg\" alt=\" Two level clipper\" width=\"616\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/two-level-clipper.jpg 616w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/two-level-clipper-300x109.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clamper\"><\/span>Clamper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A clamper is a network consisting of a diode, resistor, and capacitor that shifts a waveform to a different dc level without changing the appearance of the applied signal. A clamper is also used to reinsert or restore dc component into a waveform which has been lost after passing through a processing network such as an amplifier. Hence a clamper is also called dc reinserter or dc restorer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2302 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Clamper.jpg\" alt=\"Clamper\" width=\"515\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Clamper.jpg 515w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Clamper-300x103.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Amplifiers have blocking capacitor which blocks the DC components.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Negative-Clamper\"><\/span>Negative Clamper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Negative clamping occurs when positive peak raised or clamped to ground or on zero level, in the other words, it pushes the signal downwards so that positive zero level.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2303 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/negative-clamper.jpg\" alt=\"Negative Clamper\" width=\"508\" height=\"217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/negative-clamper.jpg 508w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/negative-clamper-300x128.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When input is positive, diode operates in forward bias and capacitor charges through diode. If diode is ideal it behaves as short circuit and therefore capacitor charges upto the peak input V<sub>m<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">When input becomes negative capacitor should discharge but discharge path is not available so capacitor voltage will continue to remain V<sub>m<\/sub>. Therefore once capacitor is fully charged its voltage remains V<sub>m<\/sub> irrespective of the input being positive or negative.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>KVL:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2013V<sub>i<\/sub>+ V<sub>m<\/sub> + V<sub>0<\/sub> = 0<br \/>\nV<sub>o<\/sub> = V<sub>i<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>m<\/sub><br \/>\nV<sub>o<\/sub> = V<sub>i<\/sub> + (\u2013V<sub>m<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hence circuit adds dc voltage of \u2013V<sub>m<\/sub>. So output will be a square waveform for given input whose value varies from 0 to \u20132 V<sub>m<\/sub>. Positive peak of output waveform touches 0 volt level or positive peak gets clamped to 0 volt. Since a negative clamper is clamping positive peak to 0 volt so it is also called positive peak clamper.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>If diode has cut-in voltage V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> then it should be replaced with series connection of ideal diode and battery V<sub>\u03b3 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2304 size-full alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/positive-peak-clamper.jpg\" alt=\"Positive Peak Clamper\" width=\"189\" height=\"117\" \/><br \/>\n<\/sub>When input is positive capacitor charges through diode upto a maximum voltage of V<sub>m<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V<sub>0<\/sub> = V<sub>i<\/sub> \u2013 (V<sub>m<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V<sub>0<\/sub> = V<sub>i<\/sub> + (\u2013V<sub>m<\/sub> + V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hence circuit adds dc voltage equal to \u2013(V<sub>m<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2305 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit-2.jpg\" alt=\"Circuit\" width=\"329\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit-2.jpg 329w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/circuit-2-300x127.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hence when diode is non-ideal negative clamper will clamp positive peak to V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Drawbacks of Ideal Clamper<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>As capacitor does not have discharge path so its voltage can not decrease even when the peak ac input is <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2306 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/practical-clamper-.jpg\" alt=\"Practical Clamper \" width=\"205\" height=\"128\" \/> reduced which makes this clamping operation imperfect.<\/li>\n<li>To overcome the above drawback a sufficiently large resistance should be connected in shunt with the diode such a circuit is called practical clamper.<\/li>\n<li>When peak input is reduced, capacitor slowly discharges through resistance R and after a finite time interval its voltage becomes equal to new peak value.<\/li>\n<li>R should be large enough so that capacitor does not have undesired discharging when peak input is stable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Drawback of Practical Clamper<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During negative cycle diode will be in off condition then capacitor slowly discharges through resistance R as a result capacitor voltage decreases and tilt appear in output waveform.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2308 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Capacitor.jpg\" alt=\"Capacitor\" width=\"294\" height=\"119\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Note: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>In a practical clamper, R is selected such that the discharging time constant is much greater than time period of input.<br \/>\ni.e. RC &gt;&gt; T<sub>0<br \/>\n<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>If discharging is rapid, then circuit will not act as CLAMPER.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Positive-Clamper\"><\/span>Positive Clamper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Positive clamping occurs when negative peaks raised or clamped to ground or on zero level. In other words, it pushes the signal upwards so that negative peaks fall on the zero level.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2309 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/positive-clamper.jpg\" alt=\"Positive Clamper\" width=\"201\" height=\"113\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>When input is negative diode gets forward biased and capacitor charges through diode upto peak input V<sub>m<br \/>\n<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>When input becomes positive capacitor will not be able to discharge as discharge path is not present ; therefore voltage across the capacitor remains V<sub>m<\/sub> irrespective of input being +V<sub>m<\/sub> or \u2013V<sub>m<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>KVL:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2312 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/kvl-1-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"KVL\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/kvl-1-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/kvl-1.jpg 308w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Negative peak of output gets clamped to 0 volt therefore positive clamper is also called negative peak clamper<\/li>\n<li>If diode has cut-in voltage V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub> then capacitor charges to a voltage (V<sub>m<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub>). Applying KVL again<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2313 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/dc-voltage.jpg\" alt=\"DC Voltage\" width=\"483\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/dc-voltage.jpg 483w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/dc-voltage-300x135.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here negative peak gets clamped to \u2013V<sub>\u03b3<\/sub><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Voltage-Multiplier\"><\/span>Voltage Multiplier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A circuit whose input is an ac waveform of peak value V<sub>m<\/sub> and output is dc voltage which is an integral multiple of peak ac input i.e. V<sub>o<\/sub>\u00a0= 2 V<sub>m<\/sub>, 3 V<sub>m<\/sub>, 4 V<sub>m<\/sub> etc. is called a voltage multiplier.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V<sub>o<\/sub> = DC voltage of 2 V<sub>m<\/sub> \u21d2 Voltage doubler<br \/>\nV<sub>o<\/sub> = DC voltage of 3 V<sub>m<\/sub> \u21d2 Voltage tripler<br \/>\nV<sub>o<\/sub> = DC voltage of 4 V<sub>m<\/sub> \u21d2 Voltage quadrupler<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is an AC-DC inverter, made up of diodes and capacitors that produce high DC output from a low voltage AC input.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Voltage-Doubler\"><\/span>Voltage Doubler<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2315 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-doubler.jpg\" alt=\"Voltage Doubler\" width=\"301\" height=\"141\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vi is any ac waveform. Let us assume that it is a square waveform of amplitude \u00b1V<sub>m<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Case-I:<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen input is negative D1 gets forward bias then capacitor C<sub>1&lt;\/sub charges through D1 upto voltage V<sub>m<\/sub><\/sub><\/li>\n<li><strong>Case-II:<\/strong><br \/>\nIf V<sub>i<\/sub> is positive or + V<sub>m<\/sub><br \/>\nthen V<sub>AG<\/sub> = V<sub>m<\/sub> + V<sub>m<\/sub> = 2 V<sub>m<\/sub><br \/>\nD2 operates in forward bias and C2 charges through D<sub>2<\/sub> upto voltage 2 V<sub>m<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>If capacitors are fully charged or circuit is in steady state then voltage V<sub>m<\/sub> will be present across C1<br \/>\nand 2 V<sub>m<\/sub> across C<sub>2<\/sub>. Thus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V<sub>o<\/sub> = DC voltage of 2V<sub>m<\/sub><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Voltage-TriplerQuadrupler\"><\/span>Voltage Tripler\/Quadrupler<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2316 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-tripler.jpg\" alt=\"Voltage Tripler\" width=\"633\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-tripler.jpg 633w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-tripler-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/voltage-tripler-130x90.jpg 130w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In steady state voltage V<sub>m<\/sub> is present across C<sub>1<\/sub> and voltage 2 V<sub>m<\/sub> is present across other three capacitors.<br \/>\nDC voltage of 4 V<sub>m<\/sub> can be obtained if V<sub>o<\/sub> is measured across C<sub>4<\/sub> and C<sub>2<\/sub> combination.<br \/>\nDC output of 3 V<sub>m<\/sub> can be obtained if V<sub>o<\/sub> is measured across C<sub>3<\/sub> and C<sub>1<\/sub> combination.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn-danger\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-are-analog-circuits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&lt;&lt; Previous<\/a> | <a class=\"btn btn-success\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ec\/analog-circuits\/bipolar-junction-transistors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Next &gt;&gt;<\/a><br \/>\n<strong> Must Read: <\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-are-analog-circuits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>What are Analog Circuits?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A diode has 2 types of equivalent circuit Small signal model Large signal model Small Signal Model \u2022 If input<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[650,6],"tags":[657,655,656,651,652,654,653,658],"class_list":["post-2261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analog-circuits","category-ec","tag-bleeder-resistor","tag-bridge-rectifier","tag-capacitor-filter","tag-dynamic-resistance-of-diode","tag-large-signal-model","tag-rectifier","tag-small-signal-model","tag-two-level-clipper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2261"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2261\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2261"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}