{"id":1958,"date":"2024-07-17T17:20:56","date_gmt":"2024-07-17T11:50:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/?p=1958"},"modified":"2025-07-16T15:14:28","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T09:44:28","slug":"canal-lining","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining","title":{"rendered":"Canal Lining"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By lining of canal, we mean that the earthern surface of the canal is lined with a stable lining surface (such as concrete, tiles, asphalt etc.).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Necessity of Lining of Canal<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Lining of canal is necessary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>to minimize the seepage losses in canal,<\/li>\n<li>to increase the discharge in canal section by increasing the velocity,<\/li>\n<li>to prevent the erosion of bed and sides of canals,<\/li>\n<li>to reduce maintenance of canals,<\/li>\n<li>to retard growth of weeds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Advantages of Lining of Canal<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The main advantages of lining a canal are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>prevents seepage loss and hence more area can be employed for irrigation,<\/li>\n<li>helps in prevention of water logging,<\/li>\n<li>provides a smooth surface,<\/li>\n<li>increased velocity in a canal minimizes the losses due to evaporation,<\/li>\n<li>increased velocity in a canal prevents silting of the canal,<\/li>\n<li>increases available head for power generation as a flatter gradient can be provided,<\/li>\n<li>canal lining assures economical water distribution,<\/li>\n<li>prevents water to come into contact with harmful salts during transit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Disadvantages of Lining of Canal<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The disadvantages of lining of canal are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>It requires heavy initial investment.<\/li>\n<li>It is difficult to repair damaged lining.<\/li>\n<li>It is very difficult to shift the outlets very often (as linings are permanent).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_1 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Types-of-Lining-of-Canal\" >Types of Lining of Canal<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Hard-surface-linings\" >Hard surface linings:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Earth-type-lining\" >Earth type lining:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Buried-and-protected-membrane-type-lining\" >Buried and protected membrane type lining:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Procedure-for-Designing-a-Lined-Channel\" >Procedure for Designing a Lined Channel<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#a-Triangular-channel-section\" >(a) Triangular channel section<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#b-Trapezoidal-channel-section\" >(b) Trapezoidal channel section<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Requirement-of-Good-Site-for-Construction-of-Dams\" >Requirement of Good Site for Construction of Dams<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Gravity-Method-or-2-D-Analysis\" >Gravity Method or 2-D Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Aqueduct-and-Syphon-Aqueduct\" >Aqueduct and Syphon Aqueduct<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Super-Passage-and-Canal-Syphon\" >Super Passage and Canal Syphon<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#A-Super-Passage\" >A. Super Passage:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#B-Canal-Syphon-or-Syphon\" >B. Canal Syphon or Syphon:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Level-Crossing\" >Level Crossing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Distributary-Head-Regulators-and-Cross-Regulators\" >Distributary Head Regulators and Cross Regulators<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Functions-of-cross-regulator-are-as-following\" >Functions of cross regulator are as following:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Functions-of-distributary-head-regulator-are-as-following\" >Functions of distributary head regulator are as following:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Types-of-Canal-Escapes\" >Types of Canal Escapes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#a-Based-on-Structural-Design\" >(a) Based on Structural Design<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#b-Based-on-the-Purpose\" >(b) Based on the Purpose<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#Types-of-Canal-Outlets\" >Types of Canal Outlets<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#a-Non-modular-Outlets\" >(a) Non-modular Outlets<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#b-Semi-Modular-Outlets\" >(b) Semi Modular Outlets<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/canal-lining\/#c-Modular-Outlets\" >(c) Modular Outlets<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types-of-Lining-of-Canal\"><\/span>Types of Lining of Canal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Important types of canal lining which are commonly adopted are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hard-surface-linings\"><\/span>Hard surface linings:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Cement concrete lining<\/li>\n<li>Shotcrete or plaster lining<\/li>\n<li>Cement concrete tile lining or Brick lining<\/li>\n<li>Asphaltic concrete lining<\/li>\n<li>Stone blocks lining (or undressed stone lining)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Earth-type-lining\"><\/span>Earth type lining:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Soil cement lining<\/li>\n<li>Sodium carbonate lining<\/li>\n<li>Clay puddle lining<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buried-and-protected-membrane-type-lining\"><\/span>Buried and protected membrane type lining:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Prefabricated light membrane lining<\/li>\n<li>Bentonite soil and clay membrane lining<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedure-for-Designing-a-Lined-Channel\"><\/span>Procedure for Designing a Lined Channel<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Find out the value of hydraulic mean depth <em>R <\/em>by the help of Manning\u2019s equation (Limiting velocity <em>V<\/em>, Rugosity coefficient <em>n <\/em>and longitudinal slope <em>S <\/em>should be known in advance)<\/li>\n<li>Find area of cross section of canal from equation of continuity\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>A <\/em>= <em>Q\/<\/em><em>V<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Find out the wetted perimeter of the cross section by the formula <em>R <\/em>= <em>A \/P<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Use the formula for triangular channel section and trapezoidal channel section as per the discharge values and depth <em>d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-Triangular-channel-section\"><\/span>(a) Triangular channel section<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1961 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Triangular-channel-section.jpg\" alt=\"Triangular channel section\" width=\"568\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Triangular-channel-section.jpg 568w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Triangular-channel-section-300x132.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 568px) 100vw, 568px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-Trapezoidal-channel-section\"><\/span>(b) Trapezoidal channel section<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1963 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Trapezoidal-channel-section.jpg\" alt=\"Trapezoidal channel section\" width=\"561\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Trapezoidal-channel-section.jpg 561w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Trapezoidal-channel-section-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Trapezoidal-channel-section-390x205.jpg 390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 561px) 100vw, 561px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Requirement-of-Good-Site-for-Construction-of-Dams\"><\/span>Requirement of Good Site for Construction of Dams<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Suitable foundation should be available at the dam site.<\/li>\n<li>Length of dam should be as small as possible from economic point of view and for a given height it should store a large volume of water.<\/li>\n<li>River cross-section at the dam site should preferably be narrow to reduce the length of the dam. However it should open out upstream to provide a large basin for reservoir.<\/li>\n<li>Major portion of the dam should be on a high ground (reduces cost and facilitates drainage)<\/li>\n<li>A suitable site for spillway should be available in the vicinity of the dam.<\/li>\n<li>Bulk of construction materials should be available at or near the dam site.<\/li>\n<li>Value of property and land submerged in the reservoir created by the proposed dam should be low.<\/li>\n<li>Reservoirs should not get frequently silted.<\/li>\n<li>It is preferable to select a site which is connected by road or rail.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gravity-Method-or-2-D-Analysis\"><\/span>Gravity Method or 2-D Analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this method, analysis of dam is done by isolating a typical cross-section of dam of a unit width which is assumed to behave independently of adjoining section. It can be said that in this method, dam is considered to be made up of number of cantilevers of unit width each acting independently of each other.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Following assumptions are made while using gravity method for stability analysis of dam:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>The dam is considered to be composed of number of cantilevers each of which is 1 m thick and each of which is independent of each other.<\/li>\n<li>No loads are transferred to abutment by beam action.<\/li>\n<li>Materials in foundation and body of dam are isotropic and homogeneous in nature.<\/li>\n<li>The joint between foundation and dam is perfect and thus they behave as a single unit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Stability analysis by gravity method is carried out by following approach:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Analytical method<\/li>\n<li>Graphical method<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aqueduct-and-Syphon-Aqueduct\"><\/span>Aqueduct and Syphon Aqueduct<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In these structures, canal is taken over natural drain and drainage water runs below the canal as shown in figure either freely or under syphonic pressure.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1966 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aqueduct-and-Syphon-Aqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Aqueduct and Syphon Aqueduct\" width=\"314\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aqueduct-and-Syphon-Aqueduct.jpg 314w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Aqueduct-and-Syphon-Aqueduct-300x237.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fig. Canal taken over the drain in an aqueduct or a syphon aqueduct (line plan of crossing)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Aqueduct<\/strong>: HFL of drain is sufficiently below bed level of canal and water flows freely under the action of gravity in drain, then the cross drainage work is known as aqueduct.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1968 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Typical-cross-section-of-an-aqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Typical cross-section of an aqueduct\" width=\"509\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Typical-cross-section-of-an-aqueduct.jpg 509w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Typical-cross-section-of-an-aqueduct-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Typical-cross-section-of-an-aqueduct-130x90.jpg 130w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In aqueduct, canal water is taken across drainage in a trough supported on piers. In other words, it can be said that it is just like a bridge except that instead of carrying a road or railway, it carries a canal on its top.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Syphon Aqueduct:<\/strong> If HFL of drain is higher than canal bed level and water passes through aqueduct barrels under syphonic action, then the cross-drainage work is known as syphon aqueduct.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1970 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/typical-cross-section-of-a-syphon-aqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Typical cross-section of a syphon aqueduct\" width=\"721\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/typical-cross-section-of-a-syphon-aqueduct.jpg 721w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/typical-cross-section-of-a-syphon-aqueduct-300x159.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In syphon aqueduct, drain bed is generally depressed and provided with pucca floor. On upstream side, drainage bed is joined to pucca floor by either a vertical drop or a sloping glacis depending upon height of drop.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Super-Passage-and-Canal-Syphon\"><\/span>Super Passage and Canal Syphon<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In these structures, drain is taken over canal such that canal runs below drain either freely or under syphonic pressure as shown in figure.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1976 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/line-plan-of-crossing2.jpg\" alt=\"Line Plan of Crossing\" width=\"516\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/line-plan-of-crossing2.jpg 516w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/line-plan-of-crossing2-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A-Super-Passage\"><\/span><strong>A. Super Passage:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the FSL of canal is sufficiently below bottom of drain so that water flows freely under the action of gravity in canal, then the cross-drainage work is known as super passage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1977 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/superpassage.jpg\" alt=\"Superpassage\" width=\"558\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/superpassage.jpg 558w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/superpassage-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 558px) 100vw, 558px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B-Canal-Syphon-or-Syphon\"><\/span>B. Canal Syphon or Syphon:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If FSL of canal is above bed level of drain and canal flows under syphonic action under the through, then the cross-drainage work is known as canal syphon canal syphon canal syphon canal syphon canal syphon. It is just the reverse of syphon aqueduct.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1979 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/generally-called-a-syphon.jpg\" alt=\"Typical cross-section of a canal syphon (generally called a syphon)\" width=\"614\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/generally-called-a-syphon.jpg 614w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/generally-called-a-syphon-300x134.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Level-Crossing\"><\/span>Level Crossing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A level crossing is provided when a large canal and a huge drainage (such as a stream or a river) approach each other at same level. In this type of structures, canal water and drain water are allowed to intermingle with each other.<br \/>\nRegulators are provided at<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1981 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Level-Crossing.jpg\" alt=\"Level Crossing\" width=\"447\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Level-Crossing.jpg 447w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Level-Crossing-300x252.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Downstream side of drainage so as to control discharge passing through drain.<\/li>\n<li>Outgoing canal to control discharge in canal.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sometimes, a regulator is also provided at end of incoming canal. This arrangement is generally provided when a huge sized canal crosses a large drain carrying a very high flood discharge but for a very short interval.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distributary-Head-Regulators-and-Cross-Regulators\"><\/span>Distributary Head Regulators and Cross Regulators<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cross regulator and distributary head regulator are provided to regulate the supplies of the parent channel and off taking channel respectively. A cross regulator is provided on the main canal (or the parent canal) at the downstream of the off take to head up the water level and enable the off taking channel to draw the required supply. A distributary head regulator is provided at the head of the off taking channel (or distributary) to control the supplies entering the off taking channel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1983 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Canal-structures-for-flow-regulation-and-control.jpg\" alt=\"Canal structures for flow regulation and control\" width=\"494\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Canal-structures-for-flow-regulation-and-control.jpg 494w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Canal-structures-for-flow-regulation-and-control-300x231.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions-of-cross-regulator-are-as-following\"><\/span>Functions of cross regulator are as following:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>To have effective regulation of the whole canal system.<\/li>\n<li>To help in feed the off taking channels by raising the water level of the upstream during the periods of low discharges in the parent channel.<\/li>\n<li>To help in closing the supply to the downstream of the parent channel for the purposes of repairs etc.<\/li>\n<li>To help in absorbing fluctuations in various section of the canal system and in preventing the possibilities of breaches in the tail reaches.<\/li>\n<li>To facilitates communication works (like bridges)<\/li>\n<li>To help in controlling discharge at an outfall of canal into another canal or lake.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions-of-distributary-head-regulator-are-as-following\"><\/span>Functions of distributary head regulator are as following:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>To regulates the supplies to the off taking channel from the parent channel.<\/li>\n<li>To serve as a meter for measuring the discharge entering into the offtaking canal.<\/li>\n<li>To regulates the entry of silt in the offtaking channel.<\/li>\n<li>To shuts off the supply when it is not needed in the off taking channel or when the off taking channel is required to be closed for repairs.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types-of-Canal-Escapes\"><\/span>Types of Canal Escapes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Escapes are usually of the following types.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-Based-on-Structural-Design\"><\/span>(a) Based on Structural Design<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Weir or Surface Escape:<\/strong> Weir or Surface Escape: These are weirs or flush escapes constructed either in masonry or<br \/>\nconcrete with or without crest shutters which are capable of disposing off surplus water from the canal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1986 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Wier-escape.jpg\" alt=\"Wier escape\" width=\"540\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Wier-escape.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Wier-escape-300x162.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Weir type escapes acts as both surplus water escapes and tail water escapes.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Sluice Escapes:<\/strong> A sluice escape is a small regulator which is provided in the canal bank and has gates supported on piers. There are also called regulator escape. Sluice escapes acts both as surplus water escape and canal scouring escapes. These sluices can empty the canal quickly for repair and maintenance and also facilitates quick removal of sediment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1991 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Sluice-escape.jpg\" alt=\"Sluice escape\" width=\"542\" height=\"319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Sluice-escape.jpg 542w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Sluice-escape-300x177.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-Based-on-the-Purpose\"><\/span>(b) Based on the Purpose<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Escapes are usually of following types:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> (i)\u00a0 Surplus Water Escape:<\/strong> These escapes are provided in the banks of the channel at intervals depending on the importance of the channel and in the vicinity of the drain or river for disposing excess water. Escape must be so located that surplus water is led through the shortest possible distance to a natural drain (i.e. we should have shortest possible escape channel) The channel leading surplus water from escape to natural drain is called escape channel or outfall channel. It can discharge the excess flow of the canal or even empty the entire canal flow through its gate controlled vents.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong> (ii) Canal Scouring Escapes:<\/strong> These escapes are provided only at the head reaches of the main canal, in the banks of channel. Usually, a cross regulator is provided across the channel just on the downstream side of location of escape.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>(iii) Tail Escapes:<\/strong> These escapes are provided across the channels at the tail ends in case of irrigation channels which end in natural drain. Tail escapes are provided to maintain the required full supply level (F.S.L) at the tail end of the channel.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types-of-Canal-Outlets\"><\/span>Types of Canal Outlets<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Canal outlets can be classified mainly into three classes:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u00a0Non modular outlets<\/li>\n<li>Semi-modular outlets<\/li>\n<li>Modular outlets<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-Non-modular-Outlets\"><\/span>(a) Non-modular Outlets<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Non-modular outlets are those outlets whose discharge depends on the difference of water levels (i.e. head) between the distributary and the water course. The discharge through non modular outlets varies widely with variations in the water level of either the distributary or the water course. Such an outlet is controlled by a shutter at its upstream end. Non modular outlets are very suitable for low head condition.<strong> Examples:<\/strong> Submerged pipe outlets and masonry sluices.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b-Semi-Modular-Outlets\"><\/span>(b) Semi Modular Outlets<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Semi modular outlets are those outlets whose discharge depends only on the water level in the distributary and is unaffected by the water level in the water course provided that a minimum working head required for working is available. Semi modular outlet is more suitable for achieving equitable distribution of water at all outlets of a distributary. <strong>Examples:<\/strong> Pipe outlet, Venturi flume.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"c-Modular-Outlets\"><\/span>(c) Modular Outlets<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Modular outlets are those outlets whose discharge is independent of the difference of water levels in the distributary and the water course. These are called Rigid Modules <strong>Example:<\/strong> Gibb\u2019s Module<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn-danger\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/irrigation-efficiencies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&lt;&lt; Previous<\/a> | <a class=\"btn btn-success\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/classification-of-rivers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Next &gt;&gt;<\/a><br \/>\n<strong> Must Read: <\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-irrigation-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>What is Irrigation Engineering?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By lining of canal, we mean that the earthern surface of the canal is lined with a stable lining surface<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[510,2],"tags":[556,552,554,555,551,553,558,557,550],"class_list":["post-1958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-irrigation-engineering","category-ce","tag-2-d-analysis","tag-clay-puddle-lining","tag-construction-of-dams","tag-gravity-method","tag-soil-cement-lining","tag-stone-blocks-lining","tag-super-passage","tag-syphon-aqueduct","tag-types-of-lining-of-canal"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1958\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}