{"id":1920,"date":"2024-07-17T13:27:50","date_gmt":"2024-07-17T07:57:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/?p=1920"},"modified":"2025-07-16T15:13:54","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T09:43:54","slug":"intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual","title":{"rendered":"Intensity of irrigation (Seasonal and Annual)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Intensity of irrigation<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To avoid intensive irrigation of a particular area which may cause water logging, salinity and malaria etc. entire cultivated portion of CCA is not irrigated at one time (one season). Some field are left unirrigated in one season and water is supplied to them in next season. Only a small percentage of CCA is brought under irrigation over a given season. This percentage of CCA proposed to be irrigated in a given season is called intensity of irrigation of that season, or seasonal intensity of irrigation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Similarly, intensity of irrigation can be defined for an entire year (inclusive of two or more crop season), then it is called annual irrigation intensity or annual intensity of irrigation. Annual intensity of irrigation (AII) is obtained by dividing the gross irrigated area (i.e. sum of total area irrigated once in year and area irrigated more than once in that year) by culturable command area. Annual intensity of irrigation is sum of intensities of irrigation of all season of the year. It may be more than 100%.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_1 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Crop-Period\" >Crop Period<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Base-Period\" >Base Period<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Delta\" >Delta<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Average-Approximate-Values-of-Delta-for-Certain-Important-Crops-in-India\" >Average Approximate Values of Delta for Certain Important Crops in India<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Duty\" >Duty<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Variation-of-Duty\" >Variation of Duty<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Duty-at-Various-Places\" >Duty at Various Places<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/intensity-of-irrigation-seasonal-and-annual\/#Classes-and-Availability-of-Soil-Water\" >Classes and Availability of Soil Water<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Crop-Period\"><\/span>Crop Period<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Crop period is the total time period from the instant of sowing of the crop to the instant of harvesting of the crop.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Base-Period\"><\/span>Base Period<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Base Period is the total time period from the first watering done for the preparation of land to the last watering done before its harvesting. Although crop period is greater than base period but for practical purposes, they are taken as one and generally expressed in days. Crop period and base period are expressed in days.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delta\"><\/span>Delta<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Delta is total depth of water (generally in cm) required by a crop during the entire period the crop is in field. It is denoted by symbol D. It can also be defined as depth of which water would stand on irrigated area, if total quantity of water required for a crop during its base period (<em>B<\/em>) were to stand above the surface without percolation or evaporation.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Average-Approximate-Values-of-Delta-for-Certain-Important-Crops-in-India\"><\/span>Average Approximate Values of Delta for Certain Important Crops in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 99%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"126\">Serial No.<\/th>\n<th width=\"168\">Crop<\/th>\n<th width=\"203\">Delta on field<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">1.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Sugarcane<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">120 cm (48<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">2.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Rice<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">120 cm (48<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">3.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Tobacco<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">75 cm (30<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">4.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Garden fruits<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">60 cm (24<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">5.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Cotton<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">50 cm (22<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">6.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Vegetables<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">45 cm (18<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">7.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Wheat<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">40 cm (16<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">8.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Barley<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">30 cm (12<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">9.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Maize<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">25 cm (10<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">10.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Fodder<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">22.5 cm (9<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"126\">11.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"168\">Peas<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"203\">15 cm (6<sup>\u00b2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Duty\"><\/span>Duty<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2018Duty\u2019 of water is the relationship between volume of water and area of crop it can mature. It can be defined as area of land irrigated in hectares for full growth of a given crop by supply of 1 cumec of water supplied continuously during entire base period (B) of crop. It is generally represented by \u2018<em>D <\/em>\u2019.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Variation-of-Duty\"><\/span>Variation of Duty<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Duty-at-Various-Places\"><\/span>Duty at Various Places<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In a large canal irrigation system, flow of water can be understood with the help of figure shown below:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1931 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/layout-of-a-canal-system.jpg\" alt=\"Layout of a canal system\" width=\"637\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/layout-of-a-canal-system.jpg 637w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/layout-of-a-canal-system-300x235.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During the passage of water in the channels, water is lost due to evaporation and percolation and these losses of water are called transition losses or transmission losses or conveyance losses in channel. It can concluded from definition of duty that if water-requirement of a particular crop is more at a particular location then its duty will be less at that location. It can also be inferred that duty of water will be different at different locations because of conveyance loss. Duty of water at head of water-course will be less than duty of water in field because of losses. Similarly, duty of water at head of minor will be less than that at end of water course and so on.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It can be said that duty of water increases as one moves downstream from the head of main canal towards the head of water-course.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classes-and-Availability-of-Soil-Water\"><\/span>Classes and Availability of Soil Water<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1932 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/soil-water-content.jpg\" alt=\"Soil water content\" width=\"457\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/soil-water-content.jpg 457w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/soil-water-content-300x294.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px\" \/>Soil water may be classified as gravitational water, capillary water and hygroscopic water as explained below:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman; text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Gravitational water:<\/strong> Gravitational water is that water which is not held by the soil as this water drains out freely under the action of gravity. When we add a large amount of water to a sandy soil at a high discharge, in quick time the pores of the soil becomes completely saturated with water. After sometime, water gets drained off as this water was very loosely held by the sandy soil. This water which gets drained is collected by some experimental method and called as gravitational water.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Capillary water:<\/strong> Capillary water is that water which is retained in the soil after the gravitational water gets drained off. It held in the soil by force of surface tension against the force of gravity. and is the most beneficial for plant growth. It is also called as available water.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hygroscopic water:<\/strong> Hygroscopic water is that water which is adsorbed by the particles of dry soil and is held as a very thin film on the surface of soil particles due to adhesion. It cannot be removed easily from the soil particles as it is held by a soil moisture tension of around 32 atmosphere. It is not available for plant use and can be removed only at very high temperature.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn-danger\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/system-of-irrigation-advantages-and-disadvantages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&lt;&lt; Previous<\/a> | <a class=\"btn btn-success\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/irrigation-efficiencies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Next &gt;&gt;<\/a><br \/>\n<strong> Must Read: <\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-irrigation-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>What is Irrigation Engineering?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 99%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\" width=\"558\">Check More Links:<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">1. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/open-channel-flow\/specific-force\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Specific Force in Open Channel Flow<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">2. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-hydrology-in-civil-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is hydrology in Civil Engineering?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">3. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/open-channel-flow\/control-section\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is a control section?<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">4. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/surveying\/reciprocal-levelling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is reciprocal ranging in surveying?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">5. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/surveying\/true-bearing-from-the-magnetic-bearing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is true bearing in surveying?<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">6. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/system-of-irrigation-advantages-and-disadvantages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What are the advantages and disadvantages of using irrigation?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">7. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/surveying\/compound-curve\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is a compound curve in surveying?<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">8. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-hydrology-in-civil-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is the hydrologic cycle?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intensity of irrigation To avoid intensive irrigation of a particular area which may cause water logging, salinity and malaria etc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[510,2],"tags":[527,530,526,528,529],"class_list":["post-1920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-irrigation-engineering","category-ce","tag-base-period","tag-classes-and-availability-of-soil-water","tag-crop-period","tag-delta","tag-variation-of-duty"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1920"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1920\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}