{"id":1703,"date":"2024-07-15T12:40:44","date_gmt":"2024-07-15T07:10:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/?p=1703"},"modified":"2025-07-16T15:07:18","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T09:37:18","slug":"requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/railway-engineering\/requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way","title":{"rendered":"Requirements of an Ideal Permanent Way"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Following are the basic requirements of an ideal permanent way:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman; text-align: justify;\">\n<li>The gauge should be uniform and correct.<\/li>\n<li>Both the rails should be at the same level in a straight track.<\/li>\n<li>On curves, proper superelevation should be provided to the outer rail.<\/li>\n<li>Track should have enough lateral strength.<\/li>\n<li>Track must have certain amount of elasticity.<\/li>\n<li>Radii and superelevation, provided on curves, should be properly designed.<\/li>\n<li>All joints, points and crossings should be properly designed.<\/li>\n<li>Drainage system should be perfect.<\/li>\n<li>It shoulde adequate provision of easy renewals and repairs.<\/li>\n<li>The components of track i.e., rail, fittings, sleepers, ballast must fully satisfy requirement for which they are provided.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Coning of Wheels<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>The tread or rim of railway vehicles are not made flat but are sloped and this sloping surface along the circumference forms part of a cone (with a slope of about 1 in 20). This is known as coning of wheels.<\/li>\n<li>On straight and level track, the wheel remains central and circumference of treads of both wheels are equal.<\/li>\n<li>On the level track as the axle moves towards one rail, the diameter of wheel tread over the rail increase while it decreases over the other rail. This prevents the further movement of axle and it retreat back to original position with equal diameters and equal pressure on both rails.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1706 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/coning-of-wheels.jpg\" alt=\"Coning of Wheels\" width=\"851\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/coning-of-wheels.jpg 851w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/coning-of-wheels-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/coning-of-wheels-768x411.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 851px) 100vw, 851px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>On curved track, outer wheel has to travel greater length than the inner wheel. Vehicle on a curve has the tendency to move sideways towards the outer rail, so the circumference of the tread on the outer rail towards inner edge of the wheel becomes greater than that on the inner rail. This helps outer rail to cover a greater distance than the inner rail.<\/li>\n<li>Conicity of wheel is the angle between wheel tread and horizontal axis of axle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_1 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/railway-engineering\/requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way\/#Types-of-Rail-Sections\" >Types of Rail Sections<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/railway-engineering\/requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way\/#i-Double-headed-rails-D-H-Rails\" >(i) Double headed rails (D. H. Rails)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/railway-engineering\/requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way\/#ii-Bull-headed-rails-B-H-Rails\" >(ii) Bull headed rails (B. H. Rails)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/railway-engineering\/requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way\/#iii-Flat-footed-rail-F-F-Rails\" >(iii) Flat footed rail (F. F. Rails)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/railway-engineering\/requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way\/#Advantages-of-Flat-Footed-Rails\" >Advantages of Flat Footed Rails:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ce\/railway-engineering\/requirements-of-an-ideal-permanent-way\/#Disadvantage-of-Flat-Footed-Rails\" >Disadvantage of Flat Footed Rails:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types-of-Rail-Sections\"><\/span>Types of Rail Sections<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The types of rail section which have been tried so far for constructing railway tracks are as follows:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"i-Double-headed-rails-D-H-Rails\"><\/span>(i) Double headed rails (D. H. Rails)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>These rails indicate the early stage of development.<\/li>\n<li>It mainly consists of three parts (a) Upper table (b) Web (c) Lower table<\/li>\n<li>Both upper tables and lower tables were identical<\/li>\n<li>When upper table gets worn out, then the rails can be inverted and reused.<\/li>\n<li>This type of rail is practically out of use in Indian Railways.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ii-Bull-headed-rails-B-H-Rails\"><\/span>(ii) Bull headed rails (B. H. Rails)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>The next evolution was that of bull\u2013 headed rails.<\/li>\n<li>It mainly consists of three parts (a) Head (b) Web (c) Foot<\/li>\n<li>Head has larger size than foot. So that even after wear, it can withstand stresses.<\/li>\n<li>Foot is designed only to furnish necessary strength and stiffness to rails.<\/li>\n<li>Bull headed rails are especially used for making points and crossing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"iii-Flat-footed-rail-F-F-Rails\"><\/span>(iii) Flat footed rail (F. F. Rails)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>These rails are also called Vignole\u2019s rails after the name of inventor.<\/li>\n<li>It consists of three parts (a) Head (b) Web (c) Foot<\/li>\n<li>The foot is spread out to form a base (as the name \u201cFlat Footed\u201d suggests)<\/li>\n<li>About 90% of the railway tracks in the world are laid with this form of rails.<\/li>\n<li>In India, flat footed rails are most commonly used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1708 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/type-of-rail-sections.jpg\" alt=\"Type of Rail Sections\" width=\"901\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/type-of-rail-sections.jpg 901w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/type-of-rail-sections-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/type-of-rail-sections-768x355.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages-of-Flat-Footed-Rails\"><\/span>Advantages of Flat Footed Rails:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>No requirement of chairs or keys (as the foot of the rail is directly spiked to the sleepers)<\/li>\n<li>This form of rail is stiffer both vertically and laterally then the full headed rail of equal weight.<\/li>\n<li>Less liable to develop kinks (maintain a more regular top surface than the full headed rails)<\/li>\n<li>More cheaper than the B.H. Rails<\/li>\n<li>Distributes the train load over a large number of sleepers (this results in greater track stability)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantage-of-Flat-Footed-Rails\"><\/span>Disadvantage of Flat Footed Rails:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Due to impact of rolling wheel loads, fitting get loosened more frequently.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn-danger\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-railway-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&lt;&lt; Previous<\/a> | <a class=\"btn btn-success\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/railway-engineering\/defects-in-rails\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Next &gt;&gt;<\/a><br \/>\n<strong> Must Read: <\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-railway-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>What is Railway Engineering?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 99%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\" width=\"558\">Check More Links:<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">1. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/open-channel-flow\/specific-force\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Specific Force in Open Channel Flow<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">2. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-hydrology-in-civil-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is hydrology in Civil Engineering?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">3. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/open-channel-flow\/control-section\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is a control section?<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">4. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/surveying\/reciprocal-levelling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is reciprocal ranging in surveying?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">5. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/surveying\/true-bearing-from-the-magnetic-bearing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is true bearing in surveying?<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">6. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/irrigation-engineering\/system-of-irrigation-advantages-and-disadvantages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What are the advantages and disadvantages of using irrigation?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"239\">7. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ce\/surveying\/compound-curve\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is a compound curve in surveying?<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">8. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-is-hydrology-in-civil-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is the hydrologic cycle?<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Following are the basic requirements of an ideal permanent way: The gauge should be uniform and correct. Both the rails<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[463,2],"tags":[464,468,467,465,466],"class_list":["post-1703","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-railway-engineering","category-ce","tag-coning-of-wheels","tag-flat-footed-rails","tag-railway-tracks","tag-railway-vehicles","tag-types-of-rail-sections"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1703","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1703"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1703\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1703"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1703"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1703"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}