{"id":1271,"date":"2024-07-10T13:31:34","date_gmt":"2024-07-10T08:01:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/?p=1271"},"modified":"2025-09-08T12:21:02","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T06:51:02","slug":"electronics-communication-engineering-types-of-errors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/ee\/electrical-electronic-measurements\/electronics-communication-engineering-types-of-errors","title":{"rendered":"Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Types of Errors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Error:<\/strong> Deviation of the measured value from the true value of the quantity being measured is called an error.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A study of errors is a first step in finding ways to reduce them. Errors may arise from different sources\u00a0and are classified as under:<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n<li>Gross error<\/li>\r\n<li>Systematic error<\/li>\r\n<li>Random error<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"table table-striped table-bordered table-condensed\" style=\"margin: 0 auto; width: 99%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th width=\"178\">Gross Error<\/th>\r\n<th>Systematic Error<\/th>\r\n<th width=\"193\">Random Errors<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"178\">1. These types of error mainly comprises of human mistakes in reading instruments and recording and calculating measurement results.<\/td>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\" width=\"169\">1. Systematic errors are classified into three types:\r\n<p><strong>(i)\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Instrument Errors:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Occurs due to short coming in the instrument<\/p>\r\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Misuse of the instrument<\/p>\r\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 Loading effect of the instrument<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(ii)\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Environmental Errors:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>\u2022 These errors occurs due to external environment factors like humidity, dust, vibrations or external magnetic field etc.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(iii)\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Observation Errors:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>\u2022 Different experimenters may produce different results, when sound and light measurements are involved since no two observers possess the same physical response.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"193\">1. Random errors are those errors whose causes can\u2019t be established because of random variations in the parameters or the system of measurement.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"178\">2.\u00a0 The experimenter is mainly responsible for these errors.\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>3.\u00a0 Some gross errors are easily detected while some are difficult to detect.<\/p>\r\n<p>4.\u00a0 These errors can be avoided by taking great care in reading and recording the data. Also, two or three or even more readings should be taken for the quantity under measurement.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"193\">2. The happenings or disturbances about which we are unaware are lumped together and called \u201cRandom\u201d or \u201cResidual\u201d and error caused due to these happenings are called \u201cRandom\u201d error.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"178\">5. Computational mistakes, incorrect adjustment and improper application of instruments can lead to gross errors.<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"193\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Measurement of Low Resistance using \u201cKelvin Double Bridge\u201d Method<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Kelvin bridge is a modification of the wheat stone bridge and provides greatly increased accuracy in measurement of low value resistances.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Kelvin double bridge incorporates the idea of a second set of ratio arms hence the name double bridge and the use of four terminal resistors for the low resistance arms.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Figure below shows schematic diagram of the Kelvin double bridge.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1278 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/kelvin.jpg\" alt=\"Kelvin\" width=\"530\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/kelvin.jpg 530w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/kelvin-300x267.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1291 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/conveting-configuration-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"519\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/conveting-configuration-1.jpg 519w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/conveting-configuration-1-300x92.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The bridge is simplified as shown below in figure.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1287 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/simplified-kelvin-.jpg\" alt=\" Simplified Kelvin \" width=\"709\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/simplified-kelvin-.jpg 709w, https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/simplified-kelvin--300x193.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn-danger\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-are-the-electrical-and-electronics-measurements\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&lt;&lt; Previous<\/a> | <a class=\"btn btn-success\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/ee\/electrical-electronic-measurements\/maxwells-inductance-bridge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Next &gt;&gt;<\/a> <br \/><strong> Must Read: <\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/study.madeeasy.in\/subjects\/what-are-the-electrical-and-electronics-measurements\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>What are the Electrical and Electronics Measurements?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Error: Deviation of the measured value from the true value of the quantity being measured is called an error. A<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[389,5],"tags":[393,392,391],"class_list":["post-1271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-electrical-electronic-measurements","category-ee","tag-kelvin-double-bridge","tag-low-resistance","tag-simplified-kelvin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1271\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madeeasy.in\/study\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}